Where Is Bitcoin Mined Most Efficiently? Top Countries by Energy Cost & Output

Key Takeaways

• Only 450 BTC are mined daily worth ~$46M, making energy-efficient, cost-effective mining a requirement for profitability.
• Countries like Paraguay, Norway, and Ethiopia use abundant renewable hydroelectricity to lower mining costs and carbon output.
• Advanced hardware like ANTSPACE units helps efficiency by reducing mechanical wear, heat, and maintenance.
• From flared gas in Texas and Oman to Siberia’s cold climate and isolated grids, localized energy advantages drive mining success.

As global demand for Bitcoin has expanded, hashrates have climbed sharply, reflecting the constantly growing computational power in the Bitcoin network. Hashrate has scaled with an exponent of 12, while Bitcoin’s price has followed a power exponent of approximately 6, highlighting the extreme growth in mining activity relative to price.

Hashrate scaling with an exponent of 12 means it has grown much faster than Bitcoin’s price, which scaled with an exponent of 6. This reflects a surge in mining power far outpacing price growth.

As hashrate continues to rise, mining difficulty has increased in parallel, raising the stakes for miners seeking to remain profitable. With just 450 new BTC entering circulation dail y, representing roughly $46 million, competition for block rewards has intensified.

This article explains how mining operations adapt globally to these pressures, with mining efficiency being driven by technological innovation, economic viability, and environmental strategy in 2025.

What Makes Bitcoin Mining Efficient in 2025

Bitcoin mining efficiency relies on more than just powerful hardware; it hinges on securing low-cost electricity, reducing carbon emissions, and maintaining stable, reliable operations.

Hydroelectric, geothermal and wind power sources are sought after because they offer low costs and minimal environmental impact.

Beyond electricity prices, quality infrastructure is required. A stable power grid, advanced cooling systems and high-speed internet connectivity secure consistent output and reduce costly downtime.

Latest Generation Mining Equipment: Bitmain ANTSPACE

Bitmain’s hydro-cooling technology introduces key improvements that directly impact efficiency, durability, and operational cost:

• Closed-loop hydro-cooling: Maintains inlet water temperatures within ±1°C to prevent chip-level overheating and thermal degradation.
• Fanless architecture: Eliminates mechanical wear and dust accumulation, reducing maintenance needs and improving reliability.
• Extended hardware lifespan: Lowers the RMA rate by minimizing component stress and failure over time. A low RMA rate means that fewer units need to be returned to the manufacturer due to defects or failures
• Improved energy efficiency: Reduces joules per terahash, optimizing performance per watt and improving long-term profitability.

While hardware innovation and energy strategy form the core of mining efficiency. Even the most advanced systems must adapt to the regulatory and geopolitical conditions of the regions they operate.

How Regulation and Policy Impact Bitcoin Mining Efficiency

As global mining operations expand, compliance with regulations and energy policies is required not only for legal operation but also for reducing energy costs and maximizing hardware efficiency.

Supportive policies encourage investment and long-term stability, while restrictive rules or supply issues force miners to relocate or rethink strategies if required. Mining efficiency results from the alignment of technology, energy pricing, environmental impact and operational stability.

United States: Renewable Energy and Flared Gas

In the United States, a mix of energy resources and innovative approaches propels mining efficiency. Hydroelectric power in the Pacific Northwest delivers low-cost, low-carbon electricity, creating ideal conditions for mining.

Texas also draws miners with its deregulated energy markets and abundant wind power. An innovative practice in Texas involves using flared natural gas, previously wasted, to power mining equipment, reducing environmental harm and lowering energy expenses.

The combination of these factors positions the United States as a global leader in efficient Bitcoin mining.

Nordic Countries: Natural Advantages for Mining

In 2018, Iceland ’s power company HS Orka reported that Bitcoin mining was growing so fast it was set to use more electricity than all the homes in the country, 840 GWh a year for mining, compared to 700 GWh for residential use. The rise came as miners rushed to use Iceland’s cheap, renewable geothermal and hydroelectric energy.

With nearly all of its power coming from clean sources, Iceland became a hotspot for industrial-scale, low-emission mining. However, the growth raised concerns about the strain on the national grid and whether the country was truly benefiting from hosting these energy-hungry operations. As of 2025, Iceland and Norway remain prime locations for industrial-scale Bitcoin mining, thanks to their abundance of low-cost, renewable energy and naturally cool climates.

Norway generates over 95% of its electricity from hydropower. These clean energy sources, combined with low ambient temperatures, reduce energy and cooling costs, improving mining efficiency and extending hardware life.

Middle East: Fossil Fuels with Evolving Strategies

In the Middle East, Oman is converting flared gas, a byproduct of oil extraction, into energy for Bitcoin mining. The region accounts for 38% of global flaring , making it a strategic location for this model. In 2021, U.S.-based Crusoe Energy partnered with the Oman Investment Authority to launch a pilot project in Muscat, using generators to capture and repurpose waste gas.

The initiative supports Oman’s pledge to end routine flaring by 2030. These efforts reflect practical adaptations to local energy circumstances.

Emerging Markets: Tapping Untapped Resources

Bitcoin mining is gaining momentum across Africa , driven by abundant green energy sources, low electricity costs, and growing interest from local communities and international investors.

Some African nations that have emerged since 2024 are emerging as continental leaders in Bitcoin mining based on infrastructure, policy and innovation, including:

• Ethiopia: Africa’s top mining hub, leveraging hydropower from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and hosting over 20 international mining firms.
• Libya: Despite a ban, low-cost electricity ($0.004/kWh) drives underground mining that once accounted for 0.6% of global hashrate.
• Kenya: Gridless Compute uses mini hydro-grids to mine Bitcoin and power rural villages, reducing local energy costs by over 50%.
• Nigeria: Home to mobile mining apps and the upcoming 500KW hydro-powered Trojan Mining facility; focus is on solar and youth engagement.
• Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Virunga National Park mines Bitcoin with hydroelectric energy to fund conservation and local communities.

This emerging trend highlights Africa’s unique position to blend renewable energy development with next-generation financial technology.

South America’s Bitcoin Mining Powerhouse: Paraguay’s Surge in Renewable Mining

Paraguay is fast becoming one of South America’s exclusive destinations for Bitcoin mining, thanks to an abundant surplus of low-cost, renewable hydroelectric energy.

Over 99% of the country’s electricity comes from hydro sources. This energy surplus has created ideal conditions for industrial-scale Bitcoin mining operations.

In June 2025, Paraguay is hosting an estimated 1.16% to 1.45% of global hashrate and has the following offering:

• Ultra-low energy rates: Paraguay offers electricity as low as $2.8 to $4.6 per megawatt hour, making it one of the most cost-effective locations globally for Bitcoin mining.
• Hydropower surplus: The Itaipu Dam supplies over 99% of Paraguay’s electricity, which is renewable and exported, ideal for mining efficiency.
• Monopoly-driven regulation: ANDE, the national grid operator, holds exclusive control over energy distribution, requiring miners to enter profit-sharing agreements instead of negotiating flat rates.
• Infrastructure potential: With available capacity and PPA deals, Paraguay is emerging as Latin America’s key mining hub, despite bureaucratic barriers.
• Environmental advantage: Hydroelectric mining in Paraguay keeps carbon emissions low, aligning with global sustainability goals.
• Siberia’s innovation model: In Russia, stranded natural gas that would otherwise be flared is now redirected to power mining rigs, converting waste into revenue.
• Natural cooling bonus: Siberia’s cold climate enables miners to reduce cooling costs naturally, improving efficiency and extending hardware life.

Russia: Arctic Mining Turns Cold and Gas Into Bitcoin

In Norilsk, above the Arctic Circle, Russian firm Bitcluster is mining Bitcoin using ultra-cheap electricity, as low as $0.03–$0.039 per kWh, from local natural gas and hydropower.

The frigid climate naturally cools mining rigs, slashing energy costs and extending hardware lifespan. Housed in repurposed containers at a former nickel plant, the operation leverages Norilsk’s isolated energy grid for high-efficiency, low-maintenance Bitcoin production.

Conclusion

Countries such as the United States, Norway, and Iceland highlight how renewable energy and innovative energy use can reduce costs and align with global climate goals. In contrast, fossil fuel-based strategies in the Middle East and creative approaches in emerging markets reveal how mining adapts to local resources.

The future of Bitcoin mining depends on balancing energy costs, output, and environmental impact. The most competitive regions will continue to blend these factors to achieve sustainable, profitable mining operations, shaping the global Bitcoin ecosystem’s resilience and reach.

FAQs